1. Boyle (2020b) argues that seeming evidence that Shepherd published an earlier book is incorrect.

2. To be clear, the union of pre-existing objects is not the cause of the newly formed object; rather that object is the cause of newly formed qualities. Shepherd often uses “arises from”, “results in”, or “elicits” to refer to the generation of causes of novel qualities.

3. The difference between the qualities and effects of an object is perceiver relative (ERCE [2020: 52–3, 55]).

4. Garrett (forthcoming) argues it is not clear whether this means external objects are independent of individual human minds or all minds.